Quantum computers represent a significant advancement in computing. They do this by using the principles of quantum physics to surpass the capabilities of conventional computers.
To understand this fundamental difference, it is essential to compare qubits to the bits used in traditional computers. A classical bit can represent either 0 or 1, akin to a light bulb being either on or off. In contrast, a quantum qubit can exist in a superposition of these states, like a quantum light bulb, which can be on, off, or indeterminate until observed. Additionally, qubits can be entangled, which means that the state of one qubit can influence the state of another immediately. Quantum superposition and entanglement enables quantum computers to simultaneously explore numerous calculation possibilities. This approach offers exponential computational power when compared to classical computers, which process information sequentially.
THE POWER OF QUANTUM SUPERPOSITION AND ENTANGLEMENT
Quantum superposition allows a qubit to simultaneously occupy the states of 0 and 1, greatly enhancing its processing capacity. For instance, instead of sequentially processing every solution as conventional computers do, a quantum computer can explore all possibilities simultaneously. The enormous computational potential of this approach makes it particularly effective for resolving difficult problems and optimising processes in areas like pharmaceutical research, chemical simulation, and cybersecurity. By exploiting quantum entanglement, where the state of two or more qubits becomes interdependent, quantum computers can tackle complex requirements that need simultaneous analysis of multiple variables and relationships. Therefore, this capability allows for new applications in industries that rely on extensive calculations for innovation. This technological advancement promises to revolutionise critical fields such as medicine, chemistry, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity, as well as posing ethical and regulatory challenges that require careful consideration.
THE REVOLUTIONARY PROMISES IN FRANCE
Quantum computers represent a revolutionary advancement in many key fields. For instance in molecular modelling they could accelerate the discovery of new drugs by simulating complex interactions with unparalleled precision. Moreover, sectors like logistics could benefit from rapid optimisations enabled by these advanced computational capabilities. In France, the increasing investment in quantum computing demonstrates a strengthened commitment to European digital sovereignty. Key players such as OVHcloud with its quantum computer MosaiQ, and startups like Pasqal pioneering neutral-atom-based quantum computing, play a crucial role in enhancing this technological autonomy. MosaiQ, hosted by OVHcloud, pushes technological boundaries by leveraging photonics for its quantum applications, marking a significant advancement in the European quantum technology landscape. Photonics is a technology that uses light to perform operations or transmit information. It encompasses the generation, transmission, modulation, and detection of photons in order to create photonic qubits and facilitate their interaction in complex quantum systems.
FROM SUPREMACY TO STRATEGIC INTEGRATION IN FRANCE
The progression of quantum technologies from 2016 to 2023 has yielded significant advancements and prompted significant strategic and legal inquiries. In August 2016, China launched its first quantum satellite, ushering in the era of secure quantum communications through quantum entanglement. Three years later, Google announced that it had achieved « quantum supremacy », demonstrating quantum computers’ ability to perform calculations beyond those of classical computers. Despite challenges like qubit decoherence, the competition for quantum computing development among the United States, China, and the European Union is fierce. In France, this growing recognition is reflected in political and strategic initiatives. In 2019, Paula Forteza was tasked with developing France’s quantum policy, resulting in a crucial report with 37 recommendations to support innovation and the creation of startups in this field. France announced a national strategy in 2021, investing nearly 2 billion euros over five years to develop quantum technologies. As part of « France 2030” a national quantum computing platform was launched in 2022 which symbolises French commitment to the second quantum era.
FOR A SECURE DIGITAL FUTURE BOTH GLOBAL AND ETHICAL REFLECTIONS ARE ESSENTIAL
Despite advancements, quantum technologies remain unfamiliar to the public and legal experts. Efforts are underway to predict their impact on existing legal frameworks and to create new standards for their regulation. Quantum computers raise significant ethical concerns, such as the potential for sophisticated deepfakes and discriminatory algorithmic decisions. Responsible international regulation, guided by universal ethical principles, is essential. The EU and other international organisations are developing regulatory frameworks for artificial intelligence and quantum computers. Despite the immense potential in the application of quantum computers, the development of these new technologies must also lead to the implementation of ethical reflection and proactive regulation. This will ensure that they serve humanity and uphold high ethical standards.
Emma Wack Wendling
Master 2 Cyberjustice – Promotion 2023/2024
Sources :
- R.Maurel, Technologies quantiques et transformations du droit. Premières pistes de réflexion, Revue générale du droit, 2024, 65119.
- Entanglement in action | IBM Quantum Learning
- Quantum | Shaping Europe’s digital future
- IBM Reportedly Partnering With Japan’s AIST to Develop 10,000-Qubit Quantum Computer | The Quantum Insider
- OVHcloud Inaugurates Quantum Computer and Announces New Educational Program to Support the European Quantum Ecosytem | OVHcloud
